A conduta ética de graduandos em Nutrição em uma universidade pública no Brasil / The ethical conduct of nutrition undergraduates at a public university in Brazil

A prática de más condutas éticas parece ser rotineira na graduação. Dessa forma, abordar a conduta ética na formação é um ponto de partida para promover o debate sobre a construção do conhecimento. Este estudo teve o objetivo analisar a conduta ética de graduandos em Nutrição. Realizou-se estudo transversal com estudantes de Nutrição de uma universidade pública-Brasil. Participaram 105 alunos: 42,9% eram do 1º ao 5º semestres e 57,1% do 6º ao 9º semestres. Os alunos dos semestres finais apresentaram maior prevalência de "deixar os colegas copiarem as respostas" (p=0,05), "usar trabalhos prontos" (p=0,04) e "incluir nome em trabalho sem colaboração" (p=0,01). As principais motivações para a má conduta ética foram: má conduta dos colegas (71,4%), acreditar que os professores cometeram má conduta ética (70,5%), disciplina difícil (52,4%) e manter boas notas (50,5%). Os alunos dos últimos semestres referiram a falta de tempo (p=0,05) como uma razão, e 10,5% afirmaram ter realizado consultas de nutrição sem supervisão. Dada a elevada prevalência de más condutas éticas na graduação sugere-se que a disciplina sobre ética seja ministrada nos semestres iniciais, além de realização de cursos e rodas de conversa sobre propriedade intelectual, conduta ética, gestão do tempo e metodologias de ensino.

The practice of academic misconduct seems to be routine in undergraduate studies. Therefore, addressing ethical conduct in training is a starting point to promote debate on the construction of knowledge. This study aimed to analyze the academic misconduct of nutrition undergraduates. A cross-sectional study was performed with Nutrition students at a public university in Brazil. Participants included 105 students took part in the study: 42.9% were on the 1st to the 5th semesters and 57.1% on the 6th to the 9th semesters. Students on the final semesters had a higher prevalence of "letting the colleagues copy the answers" (p=0.05), "using ready-made work" (p=0.04), and "included their name on a paper without collaboration" (p=0.01). The main motivations for academic misconduct were: colleagues cheating (71.4%), believing that professors had committed misconduct (70.5%), difficult subjects (52.4%), and maintaining good grades (50.5%). Students on the last semesters reported lack of time (p=0.05) as a reason, and 10.5% mentioned having performed nutrition appointments without supervision. Given the high prevalence of academic misconduct in undergraduate courses, it is suggested that the discipline on ethics be taught in the initial semesters, in addition to offering courses and conversation circles on intellectual property, ethical conduct, time management, and teaching methodologies.

Quinones: Biosynthesis, Characterization of 13 C Spectroscopical Data and Pharmacological Activities.

Quinones are natural products widely distributed in nature, which are involved in stages of several vital biological processes, with mostly having a variety of pharmacological properties. The main groups comprising most of these compounds are benzoquinones, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones, and phenanthraquinones. Quinone isolation has been a focus of study around the world in recent years; for this reason, this study approaches the junction of natural quinones identified by 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analytical techniques. The methodology used to obtain the data collected articles from various databases on quinones from 2000 to 2022. As a result, 137 compounds were selected, among which 70 were characterized for the first time in the period investigated; moreover, the study also discusses the biosynthetic pathways of quinones and the pharmacological activities of the compounds found, giving an overview of the various applications of these compounds.

Environmental Biofilms from an Urban Community in Salvador, Brazil, Shelter Previously Uncharacterized Saprophytic Leptospira.

Biofilms are complex microecosystems with valuable ecological roles that can shelter a variety of microorganisms. Spirochetes from the genus Leptospira have been observed to form biofilms in vitro, in rural environments, and in the kidneys of reservoir rats. The genus Leptospira is composed of pathogenic and non-pathogenic species, and the description of new species is ongoing due to the advent of whole genome sequencing. Leptospires have increasingly been isolated from water and soil samples. To investigate the presence of Leptospira in environmental biofilms, we collected three distinct samples of biofilms formed in an urban setting with poor sanitation: Pau da Lima, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. All biofilm samples were negative for the presence of pathogenic leptospires via conventional PCR, but cultures containing saprophytic Leptospira were identified. Whole genomes were generated and analyzed for twenty isolates obtained from these biofilms. For species identification, we used digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis. The obtained isolates were classified into seven presumptive species from the saprophytic S1 clade. ANI and dDDH analysis suggest that three of those seven species were new. Classical phenotypic tests confirmed the novel isolated bacteria as saprophytic Leptospira. The isolates presented typical morphology and ultrastructure according to scanning electron microscopy and formed biofilms under in vitro conditions. Our data indicate that a diversity of saprophytic Leptospira species survive in the Brazilian poorly sanitized urban environment, in a biofilm lifestyle. We believe our results contribute to a better understanding of Leptospira biology and ecology, considering biofilms as natural environmental reservoirs for leptospires.

Development of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of clarithromycin resistance genes for the Mycobacterium abscessus group.

Introduction. The M. abscessus molecular identification and its drug-resistance profile are important to choose the correct therapy.Aim. This work developed a multiplex real-time PCR (mqPCR) for detection of clarithromycin resistance genes for the Mycobacterium abscessus group.Methodology. Isolates received by Adolfo Lutz Institute from 2010 to 2012, identified by PCR restriction enzyme analysis of a fragment of the hsp65 gene (PRA-hsp65) as M. abscessus type 1 (n=135) and 2 (n=71) were used. Drug susceptibility test (DST) for CLA were performed with reading on days 3 and 14. Subespecies identification by hsp65 and rpoB genes sequencing and erm(41) and rrl genes for mutation detection and primer design were performed. erm(41) gene deletion was detected by conventional PCR. Primers and probes were designed for five detections: erm(41) gene full size and with deletion; erm(41) gene T28 and C28; rrl gene A2058.Results. In total, 191/206 (92.7 %) isolates were concordant by all methods and 13/206 (6.3 %) were concordant only between molecular methods. Two isolates (1.0 %) were discordant by mqPCR compared to rrl gene sequencing. The mqPCR obtained 204/206 (99.0 %) isolates in agreement with the gold standard, with sensitivity and specificity of 98 and 100 %, respectively, considering the gold standard method and 92 and 93 % regarding DST.Conclusion. The mqPCR developed by us proved to be an easy-to-apply tool, minimizing time, errors and contamination.

13C NMR spectroscopic data of aporphine alkaloids.

This study involves aporphine alkaloids identified through 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data. For the present publication, articles were selected from several databases on aporphine alkaloids from 1994 to 2021. In this class, more than 700 compounds have been registered, with 221 were included in this section, among which 122 were characterized for the first time in the investigated period. The study also addresses their biosynthetic pathways, classifying substances according to their structural characteristics based on established literature. Furthermore, pharmacological activities related to the aporphine alkaloids highlighted in this section are also presented, giving an overview of the various applications of these compounds.

Desafios no atendimento a mulheres vítimas de violência de gênero na universidade / Challenges in assisting women victims of gender violence at the university / Retos en la atención a mujeres víctimas de violencia de género en la universidad

INTRODUÇÃO: A violência de gênero é um problema de saúde pública que atinge majoritariamente as mulheres, prejudicando sua saúde mental e física. Esse tipo de violência encontra espaço também no campo universitário, fazendo com que as mulheres envolvidas tenham seu desempenho acadêmico e profissional afetado. Para combater esse fenômeno, é necessário atuação conjunta que envolva diversos setores e a qualificação de profissionais que mobilizem novos saberes voltados para a emancipação da mulher. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo buscou investigar a atuação de técnicos administrativos de uma universidade federal junto a vítimas de violência de gênero, identificando os desafios e dificuldades vivenciados por esses profissionais. MÉTODO: Foram entrevistados 8 técnicos(as) administrativos(as) utilizando um roteiro semiestruturado elaborado pela pesquisadora. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente a partir da análise temática. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicaram conhecimento sobre a violência de gênero, ferramentas e técnicas eficientes para promover um modelo de atenção integral e conhecimento da rede de atendimento. Evidenciaram-se dificuldades relacionadas a questões estruturais, como a falta de políticas e medidas de enfrentamento e desarticulação das ações. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa realizada demonstrou a falta de estratégias de enfrentamento para lidar com questões de violência de gênero dentro do contexto universitário e contribui no sentido de proporcionar maior reflexão acerca do funcionamento do atendimento a tais vítimas.

INTRODUCTION: Gender violence is a public health problem that mostly affects women, harming their mental and physical health. This type of violence also finds space in the university field, causing the women involved to have their academic and professional performance affected. To combat this phenomenon, it is necessary to act together, involving different sectors and the qualification of professionals who mobilize new knowledge aimed at the emancipation of women. OBJECTIVE: The present study sought to investigate the performance of administrative technicians from a federal university with victims of gender violence, identifying the challenges and difficulties experienced by these professionals. METHOD: Eight administrative technicians were interviewed using a semi-structured script prepared by the researcher. Data were analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated knowledge about gender violence, efficient tools and techniques to promote a comprehensive care model and knowledge of the care network. Difficulties related to structural issues were evident, such as the lack of policies and measures to confront and disarticulate actions. CONCLUSION: The research demonstrated the lack of coping strategies to deal with issues of gender violence within the university context and contributes to providing greater reflection on the functioning of care for such victims.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La violencia de género es un problema de salud pública que afecta principalmente a las mujeres, perjudicando su salud mental y física. Este tipo de violencia también encuentra espacio en el ámbito universitario, provocando que las mujeres involucradas vean afectado su desempeño académico y profesional. Para combatir este fenómeno se necesita una acción conjunta, involucrando a diferentes sectores y la cualificación de profesionales que movilicen nuevos conocimientos encaminados a la emancipación de la mujer. OBJETIVO: Este estudio buscó investigar la actuación de técnicos administrativos de una universidad federal con víctimas de violencia de género, identificando los desafíos y dificultades experimentados por estos profesionales. MÉTODO: Ocho técnicos administrativos fueron entrevistados mediante guión semiestructurado elaborado por la investigadora. Los datos fueron analizados cualitativamente mediante análisis temático. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indicaron conocimiento sobre violencia de género, herramientas y técnicas eficientes para promover un modelo de atención integral y conocimiento de la red de atención. Se evidenciaron dificultades relacionadas con cuestiones estructurales, como la falta de políticas y medidas para enfrentar y desarticular acciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La investigación realizada demostró la falta de estrategias de enfrentamiento para abordar problemáticas de violencia de género en el contexto universitario y contribuye a brindar una mayor reflexión sobre el funcionamiento de la atención a estas víctimas.

No caminho da Estratégia da Saúde da Família: itinerário terapêutico das trabalhadoras rurais durante a pandemia de covid-19 / On the way to the Family Health Strategic: therapeutic program for rural workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Este artigo teve como objetivo descrever o itinerário terapêutico das trabalhadoras rurais durante a pandemia de covid-19. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo por meio da metodologia da história oral temática. Foram realizadas 15 entrevistas com trabalhadoras rurais pertencentes ao território da Estratégia da Saúde da Família (ESF) de um distrito municipal do interior de Minas Gerais. As narrativas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Os resultados apontaram duas categorias: "Um caminho a percorrer: desvelando o contexto e a organização da ESF no território"; e "Entre medo e (des)atenção à saúde: visibilidade para as trajetórias das trabalhadoras rurais durante a pandemia de covid-19". Na primeira categoria, revelou-se o itinerário terapêutico das trabalhadoras rurais para a busca de cuidados na ESF do território, bem como a organização do serviço de saúde local. A segunda retratou a intensificação da desatenção à saúde para com as trabalhadoras rurais. Conclui-se que, no itinerário terapêutico das trabalhadoras rurais, a utilização da ESF do território se apresentou como rede preferencial, evidenciando a premência de fortalecimento da APS rural. A pandemia de covid-19 acentuou os dilemas para a busca de cuidados de saúde, revelando a urgência de ações de saúde para esse território.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the therapeutic itinerary of rural female workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a qualitative study using oral history methodology. A total of 15 interviews were carried out with rural female workers belonging to the field of the Family Health Strategy (ESF in Portuguese) of a municipal district in the state of Minas Gerais. The narratives were subjected to content analysis following Bardin. The results pointed to two categories: "A way to go: revealing the context and the organization of ESF in the area;" and "Between fear and (lack of) health assistance: visibility for the trajectories of rural female workers during the COVID-19 pandemic." The first category demonstrated the therapeutic itinerary of rural female workers aiming to access health care in the ESF of their area besides the organization of local health service. The second category illustrated the intensified lack of assistance experienced by rural workers. In conclusion, the use of ESF represented the preferred network in the therapeutic itinerary of rural workers demonstrating the urgent action to strengthen Primary Health Care in rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic stressed the challenges concerning the search of health assistance showing the urgency of health actions for this territory.

Lacunas e retrocessos em programas de provimento médico na Amazônia: desafios para os gestores federais / Gaps and setbacks in medical provision programs in the Amazon: challenges for the federal managers / Lagunas y retrocesos en los programas de ayuda médica en la Amazonía: desafíos para los administradores federales

Resumo O objetivo desta nota de conjuntura é analisar o desenvolvimento dos Programas Mais Médicos e Médicos pelo Brasil em áreas remotas e rurais amazônicas, apontando desafios e disputas decorrentes de implementações locais. Realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico e de dados observacionais sobre esses programas na Amazônia Legal e o provimento médico na Atenção Primária à Saúde brasileira entre 2013 e 2022. Identificou-se literatura com tendências positivas sobre o processo de trabalho, além de indicadores de cuidados primários com a implantação do Mais Médicos nessas localidades, mas que foram drasticamente afetados após a ruptura da cooperação Brasil-Cuba em 2018. Alternativas como a contratação de médicos brasileiros graduados no exterior pelo Mais Médicos e a promessa de carreira do Médicos pelo Brasil não se mostraram suficientes para garantir cobertura razoável das equipes locais. Percebe-se o esvaziamento progressivo do Mais Médicos na região sem equivalente reposição de profissionais do Médicos pelo Brasil. Reconhece-se a carência de estudos sobre o Mais Médicos na Amazônia, em especial após 2018, bem como de dados sobre os desdobramentos iniciais do Médicos pelo Brasil. Mostram-se necessários o preenchimento de lacunas e a superação dos retrocessos no provimento médico local, sob risco de perpetuação de iniquidades graves no campo da saúde.

Abstract The objective of this conjuncture note is to analyze the development of the Programs Mais Médicos and Médicos pelo Brasil in remote and rural Amazonian areas, pointing out challenges and disputes arising from local implementations. A bibliographical and observational survey was carried out on these programs in the Legal Amazon and the medical provision in the Brazilian Primary Health Care between 2013 and 2022. Literature with positive trends on the work process was identified, as well as primary care indicators with the implementation of Mais Médicos in these localities, but were drastically affected after the rupture of Brazil-Cuba cooperation in 2018. Alternatives such as hiring Brazilian physicians graduates abroad by the Mais Médicos and the promise of career of doctors in Brazil were not enough to ensure reasonable coverage of local teams. Progressive emptying is noticed in Mais Médicos in the region, without the equivalent replacement of Médicos pelo Brasil. Lack of studies is recognized on the Mais Médicos in the Amazon, especially after 2018, as well as data on the initial developments of Médicos pelo Brasil. Filling gaps and overcoming setbacks are necessary in the local medical provision, at risk of perpetuating serious inequalities in the health field.

Resumen El objetivo de esta nota coyuntural es analizar el desarrollo de los programas Mais Médicos y Médicos pelo Brasil en áreas remotas y rurales amazónicas, señalando los desafíos y disputas que surgen de las implementaciones locales. Entre 2013 y 2022 se realizó una encuesta bibliográfica y de datos observacionales sobre estos programas en la Amazonía Legal y la atención médica en la Atención Primaria de la Salud Brasileña. Se identificó literatura con tendencias positivas en el proceso de trabajo, además de indicadores de atención primaria con el despliegue de Mais Médicos en estas localidades, pero que se vieron dramáticamente afectados después de la ruptura de la cooperación Brasil-Cuba en 2018. Alternativas como la contratación de médicos brasileños graduados en el extranjero por el Mais Médicos y la promesa de carrera de Médicos pelo Brasil no han demostrado ser suficientes para asegurar una cobertura razonable de los equipos locales. Se percibe el progresivo vaciado de Mais Médicos de la región sin el equivalente reemplazo de profesionales de Médicos pelo Brasil. Se reconoce la falta de estudios sobre los Mais Médicos de la Amazonía, en particular después de 2018, así como de datos sobre los primeros despliegues de Médicos pelo Brasil. Es necesario llenar las lagunas y superar los retrocesos en la atención médica local, bajo el riesgo de perpetuación de graves iniquidades en el ámbito de la salud.

Disponibilidade, acesso percebido e insegurança alimentar em domicílios de escolares de dois municípios de Minas Gerais na pandemia de COVID-19 / Availability, perceived access, and food insecurity in households of schoolchildren in two cities of Minas Gerais in the COVID-19 pandemic

Introdução: O contexto pandêmico tem implicações diretas na situação de segurança alimentar e nutricional atual e futura, assim é urgente avaliar a situação da insegurança alimentar em suas diferentes dimensões. Há poucos estudos que avaliam conjuntamente segurança alimentar, disponibilidade e acesso aos alimentos. Objetivo: Descrever a disponibilidade alimentar domiciliar e o acesso percebido aos alimentos segundo a situação de insegurança alimentar em domicílios de escolares na pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra representativa de domicílios de escolares da educação infantil e ensino fundamental de escolas públicas de Mariana e Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados na fase inicial da pandemia, "junho e julho de 2020", por meio de entrevistas telefônicas com os responsáveis por comprar e/ou preparar os alimentos nos domicílios. Investigou-se condições socioeconômicas, acesso percebido aos alimentos, disponibilidade alimentar domiciliar e insegurança alimentar, esta avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. Resultados: Dos 612 domicílios investigados, 82,0% estavam em situação de insegurança alimentar, sendo 11,3% em insegurança moderada e 5,1% em insegurança grave. Foi observada relação entre disponibilidade de frutas, hortaliças, leite, carnes e ovos com a insegurança alimentar, bem como com a percepção de dificuldade no acesso a frutas e hortaliças. Discussão: A situação de insegurança alimentar enfrentada pelos domicílios relaciona-se com menor disponibilidade de alimentos importantes para o desenvolvimento dos escolares, ademais as famílias depararam com inacessibilidade para adquirir frutas e hortaliças. (AU)

Introduction: The pandemic context impacts the current and future situation of food and nutritional security, so it is urgent to assess the situation of food insecurity in its different dimensions. There are few studies that jointly assess food security, availability, and access to food. Objective: To describe household food availability and perceived access to food according to the situation of food insecurity in households of schoolchildren during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of households of schoolchildren in early childhood education and elementary school from public schools in Mariana and Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. Data were collected in the initial phase of the pandemic, "June and July 2020", through telephone interviews with those responsible for buying and/or preparing the food in the households. Socioeconomic conditions, perceived access to food, and household food availability were investigated, and food insecurity was measured using the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Results: Of the 612 households surveyed, 82.0% of the households presented food insecurity, of which 11.3% moderate food insecurity and 5.1% severe food insecurity. A relationship was observed between the low availability of fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, and eggs with food insecurity and the perception of difficulty in accessing fruits and vegetables. Discussion: The situation of food insecurity faced by households is related to low availability of essential foods for the development of schoolchildren, and families also encounter inaccessibility to acquire fruits and vegetables. (AU)

The contribution of prenatal care in the dietary patterns of high-risk pregnant women / A contribuição do acompanhamento pré-natal nos padrões alimentares de gestantes de alto risco

Abstract Objectives: investigate whether prenatal characteristics were associated with dietary pattern of pregnant women. Methods: we studied 200 high-risk pregnant women in Fortaleza, Ceará. The identification of dietary patterns was performed through principal component analysis with the orthogonal Varimax rotation. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and respective confidence intervals (CI95%). Results: three major dietary patterns were identified: 'common Brazilian', 'healthy' and 'energy-dense'. After adjustments conducted with multivariate analysis, pregnant women who had not received dietary guidance in prenatal consultations (34%) were less likely to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern (PR = 0,81; CI95%= 0,67-0,95). Pregnant women who attended an appropriate number of consultations (≥ 6 consultations) (41%) showed greater adherence to the 'healthy' pattern (PR = 1,15; CI95%= 1,01-1,32) and lower adherence to the 'energy-dense' pattern (PR = 0,85; CI95%= 0,74-0,99). Conclusion: it was observed that the high-risk pregnant women who attended an adequate number of consultations during the prenatal care had a higher chance to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern and a lower chance to adhere to the 'energy-dense' pattern. Not receiving guidelines on prenatal nutrition was inversely associated with the healthy pattern. Thus, the importance of high-risk pregnant women undergoing an appropriate prenatal care is reinforced.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar o efeito potencial das características de acompanhamento do pré-natal em padrões alimentares identificados em gestantes de alto risco. Métodos: foram estudadas 200 gestantes de alto-risco de Fortaleza, Ceará. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados pela análise de componentes principais seguida de rotação ortogonal Varimax. Utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP) e os intervalos de confança (IC95%). Resultados: três padrões alimentares foram identificados: 'comum brasileiro', 'saudável' e 'denso em energia'. Após a realização de ajuste com análise multivariada, as gestantes que não receberam orientação sobre alimentação nas consultas do pré-natal (34%) apresentaram menores chances de adesão ao padrão 'saudável' (RP = 0.81, IC95%= 0.67-0.95). Aquelas que realizaram um número de consultas adequado (≥ 6 consultas) (41%) apresentaram maior adesão ao padrão 'saudável' (RP = 1.15, IC95%= 1.01-1.32) e menor adesão ao padrão 'denso em energia' (RP = 0.85, IC95%= 0.74-0.99). Conclusão: observou-se que as gestantes de alto risco que compareceram a um número adequado de consultas no pré-natal tiveram maior chance de aderir ao padrão 'saudável' e menor chance de aderir ao padrão 'denso em energia'. Não receber orientações sobre nutrição durante o pré-natal foi inversamente associado ao padrão 'saudável'. Reforçando a importância das gestantes de alto risco realizarem um pré-natal adequado.

Analysis toxicity by different methods and anxiolytic effect of the aqueous extract Lippia sidoides Cham.

Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) is a species often mentioned in traditional medicine due to the medicinal properties attributed to its leaves, which include antibacterial, antifungal, acaricidal and antioxidant. Several of these actions have been scientifically proven, according to reports in the literature; however, little is known about toxicological aspects of this plant. This work included studies to determine the chemical composition and toxicity tests, using several methods aiming to evaluate the safety for use of the aqueous extract of L. sidoides leaves, in addition, the anxiolytic effect on adult zebrafish was investigated, thus contributing to the pharmacological knowledge and traditional medicine concerning the specie under study. The chemical profile was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-HPLC/MS with electrospray ionization. Toxicity was evaluated by zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster, blood cells, and Artemia salina models. 12 compounds belonging to the flavonoid class were identified. In the toxicity assays, the observed results showed low toxicity of the aqueous extract in all tests performed. In the analysis with zebrafish, the highest doses of the extract were anxiolytic, neuromodulating the GABAa receptor. The obtained results support the safe use of the aqueous extract of L. sidoides leaves for the development of new drugs and for the use by populations in traditional medicine.

Utilization of Agro-Industrial Residues in the Rearing and Nutritional Enrichment of Zophobas atratus Larvae: New Food Raw Materials.

Edible insects are a potential alternative food source of high feed conversion efficiency and protein content. Zophobas atratus is an edible insect that adapts to different diets, enabling sustainable rearing by adding value to by-products and agro-industrial residues. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and nutritional characterization of Zophobas atratus larvae fed with different proportions of grape residue. Physicochemical analysis of the diets and larvae (AOAC procedures), fatty acid profile (chromatographic techniques), metals and non-metals (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry), larval mass gain, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality rate were assessed. The replacement of 25% of the conventional diet with grape residue increased lipid, ash, and fiber contents and reduced protein, carbohydrates, and energy. It promoted greater mass gain, lower mortality rate, and reduced larval growth time by 51%. Among the replacements, 25% resulted in the second-highest content of calcium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc, and the lowest content of potassium and phosphorus in the larvae. The 100% replacement resulted in the highest amounts of C18:2n6 (27.8%), C18:3n3 (2.2%), and PUFA (30.0%). Replacing 25% of the conventional diet with grape residue is equivalent to the conventional diet in many aspects and improves several larvae performance indices and nutritional values.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oil of Acritopappus confertus (Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae).

Microbial resistance has become a worrying problem in recent decades after the abusive use of antibiotics causing the selection of resistant microorganisms. In order to circumvent such resistance, researchers have invested efforts in the search for promising natural substances, such as essential oils. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Acritopappus confertus leaves, to evaluate its intrinsic effect and its effects in combination with drugs against pathogenic fungi and bacteria, in addition to verifying the inhibition of virulence in Candida strains. To this end, the oil was verified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Candida strains were used for antifungal assays by means of the serial microdilution technique, in order to determine the average inhibitory concentration (IC50), and for the modification assays, sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC/8) were used. Finally, the natural product's ability to inhibit the formation of filamentous structures was evaluated. In antibacterial tests, the MIC of the oil against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and its modifying effects in association with gentamicin, erythromycin, and norfloxacin were determined. The major constituent of the essential oil was the monoterpene myrcene (54.71%). The results show that the essential oil has an antifungal effect, with C. albicans strains being the most susceptible. Furthermore, the oil can potentiate the effect of fluconazole against strains of C. tropicalis and C. albicans. Regarding its effect on micromorphology, the oil was also able to inhibit the filaments in all strains. In combination with antibiotics, the oil potentiated the drug's action by reducing the MIC against E. coli and S. aureus. It can be concluded that the essential oil of A. confertus has potential against pathogenic fungi and bacteria, making it a target for the development of an antimicrobial drug.

TNF-induced metalloproteinase-9 production is associated with neurological manifestations in HTLV-1-infected individuals.

HTLV-1-infected individuals may develop a neurologic inflammatory condition known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP), in which the high production of TNF is observed. These patients exhibit higher proviral loads, enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte proliferation in comparison to asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and those presenting overactive bladder (OAB-HTLV-infected). Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to degrade the components of the blood-brain barrier, favoring the migration of infected cells into the central nervous system. Moreover, the unbalanced production of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs) has also been associated with tissue damage. The present work studied the production of MMP-9 and TIMPs in HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without neurological manifestations. HAM/TSP patients presented higher concentrations of MMP-9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants, as well as a higher MMP-9/TIMP-3 ratio when compared to the other groups studied. MMP-9 levels positively correlated with proviral load and TNF in OAB-HTLV-infected individuals, and the in vitro neutralization of TNF significantly decreased MMP-9 levels in PBMC culture supernatants. Our findings indicate an association between MMP-9 production and the proinflammatory state associated with HTLV-1 infection, as well as HAM/TSP.

Analysis and Modeling of Innovations in the Global Microalgae Lipids Market.

Microalgae lipids offer numerous advantages over those of plants and animals, enabling the sustainable commercialization of high value-added products in different markets. Although these markets are in a vertiginous annual expansion, technological life cycle modeling is a tool that has been rarely used for microalgae. Life cycle modeling is capable of assisting with decision-making based on data and is considered as a versatile model, usable in multiple software analyzing and diagnostic tasks. Modeling technological trends makes it possible to categorize the development level of the market and predict phase changes, reducing uncertainties and increasing investments. This study aims to fill this gap by performing a global analysis and modeling of microalgal lipid innovations. The Espacenet and Orbit platforms were used by crossing the keywords "microalgae", "lipid*", and the IPC code C12 (biochemistry and microbiology). Different sigmoid growth models were used in the present study. A successive repetition of the Chlorella genus category was found in the keyword clusters regarding extraction and separation of lipids. The life cycle S curve indicates a market starting at the maturity phase, where the BiDoseResp model stands out. The main countries and institutions at the technological forefront are shown, as well as potential technological domains for opening new markets.

Burnout e a segurança do paciente na Atenção Primária à Saúde: aspectos jurídico-sanitários em tempos de pandemia de COVID-19 / Burnout and patient safety in Primary Health Care: legal-sanitary aspects in times of the COVID-19 pandemic / Burnout y seguridad del paciente en la Atención Primaria de Salud: aspectos jurídico-sanitarios en tiempos de la pandemia del COVID-19

Objetivo: discutir os desafios para a construção de uma política pública de segurança do paciente na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) brasileira frente ao crescimento da síndrome de burnout entre seus profissionais. Metodologia: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre a segurança do paciente e o burnout entre trabalhadores da APS utilizando o referencial dos direitos humanos e a matriz teórica de Maslach e Jackson. Resultados: o burnout possui implicações sanitárias severas nos profissionais da APS e repercute sobre o processo de trabalho das equipes, gerando prejuízos nas ações e estratégias de segurança do paciente. As políticas de segurança do paciente e de saúde do trabalhador no Brasil são dialógicas e complementares, mas mostram-se insuficientes para impactar o cenário do burnout na APS frente à estagnação e retrocessos vivenciados recentemente nesse nível de atenção. Considerações finais: a resposta institucional para a abordagem da síndrome de burnout na APS tem sido insatisfatória. Para além do arcabouço das políticas preexistentes, mostra-se urgente a realização de mudanças no financiamento da APS e no aporte de equipes multiprofissionais para a melhoria das condições de trabalho que, em última instância, refletem na segurança do paciente na rede primária.

Objective: to discuss the challenges of building public policy on patient safety in Brazilian primary health care (PHC) considering the increase in burnout syndrome among health professionals. Methods: bibliographic and documentary research on patient safety and burnout among PHC staff using Maslach and Jackson's human rights framework and theoretical matrix. Results: burnout has serious health consequences for PHC professionals and affects the work process of teams, damaging patient safety policies and strategies.Patient safety and worker health policies in Brazil are dialogic and complementary, but they are not sufficient to affect the burnout scenario in PHC, given the stagnation and setbacks that have recently been experienced at this level of care. Conclusion: the institutional response to dealing with burnout syndrome in PHC is unsatisfactory. In addition to the policy framework already in place, urgent changes are needed in PHC funding and in the contribution of multidisciplinary teams to improve working conditions, which will ultimately impact patient safety in the primary network.

Objetivo: discutir los desafíos para la construcción de una política pública sobre seguridad del paciente en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) brasileña frente al crecimiento del síndrome de burnout entre sus profesionales. Metodología: investigación bibliográfica y documental sobre seguridad del paciente y burnout en trabajadores de la APS utilizando el marco de los derechos humanos y la matriz teórica de Maslach y Jackson. Resultados: el burnout tiene graves implicaciones para la salud de los profesionales de la APS y afecta el proceso de trabajo de los equipos, perjudicando las acciones y estrategias de seguridad del paciente. Las políticas de seguridad del paciente y salud del trabajador en Brasil son dialógicas y complementarias, pero insuficientes para impactar el escenario de burnout en la APS frente al estancamiento y retroceso experimentado recientemente en ese nivel de atención. Consideraciones finales: la respuesta institucional al abordaje del síndrome de burnout en APS ha sido insatisfactoria. Además del marco de política preexistente, es urgente realizar cambios en el financiamiento de la APS y en la contribución de los equipos multidisciplinarios para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y que, en última instancia, reflejen la seguridad del paciente en la red primaria.

Home food insecurity during the suspension of classes in Brazilian public schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the effect of socioeconomic conditions and variables related to the COVID-19 pandemic on the food insecurity of students during suspension of classes in public schools. METHODS: This was a telephone survey (n = 612) of adults responsible for purchasing food through representative samples of students in two Brazilian municipalities in June and July 2020. The outcome was food insecurity, assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) for sociodemographic and pandemic-related factors of COVID-19. RESULTS: The total prevalence of food insecurity in households was 82%, with 65.7% mild food insecurity, 11.3% moderate, and 5.0% severe. After adjustment for confounding factors, households with the highest number of children (OR = 2.17; 95% CI, 1.10-4.27) and households that received local-government basic food baskets (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.04-2.58) were significantly associated with food insecurity. Furthermore, households that did not experience a decrease in income during the pandemic were inversely associated with food insecurity (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09-0.32). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of food insecurity was high, and policies for the distribution of food baskets may not be sufficient to guarantee food security for the most vulnerable families with a greater number of children. Considering the possible worsening of food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, the National School Feeding Program has the potential to play a strategic role in promoting food security for students.

Histological response and expression of collagen, metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in fetal membranes following open intrauterine surgery: an experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize aspects of the repair process by evaluating the tissue collagen density, metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in the fetal membranes following open fetal surgery for myelomeningocele (MMC). DESIGN: Experimental. SETTING: Two Brazilian hospitals in 2013-2014. POPULATION: 30 fetal membranes collected after elective cesarean deliveries, in patients who underwent open fetal surgery for MMC intrauterine repair. METHODS: Regions within and surrounding the scar area and regions distant from the surgical site were evaluated for collagen concentration and expression of MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. RESULTS: Collagen was increased in regions of scar formation (14.4 ± 2.7%) as compared to unaffected regions (8.0 ± 1.9%) (p < .001). The mean score of MMP-9 in the area of both the scar and suture was also increased above that observed in normal regions (p < .05). Conversely, MMP-1 was reduced in the scar when compared to the normal region and the area adjacent to the scar (suture region) (p < .05). TIMP-1 was increased in the suture region compared to the normal region (p < .05) while TIMP-2 was reduced in the scar region when compared to the other two regions (p < .05). The membrane repair process was also influenced by the number of previous pregnancies and gestational age at the time of surgery. CONCLUSION: Reparative activity of the fetal membrane after open fetal surgery involves up-regulation of collagen production and differential involvement of MMPs and TIMPs.

Internações evitáveis de idosos no estado do Ceará: estudo ecológico descritivo / Avoidable hospitalizations of the elderly in the state of Ceará: a descriptive ecological study

Estudos que avaliam as Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) são relevantes no campo da saúde, pois se referem à indicadores da atenção hospitalar que representam uma medida indireta do efeito da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS), partindo-se da premissa de que a APS de boa qualidade evita/reduz internações no público idoso. O presente artigo objetivou descrever o comportamento das ICSAP em idosos de 60 a 74 anos no estado do Ceará. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico descritivo que analisou a evolução temporal das taxas anuais de ICSAP em idosos nas cinco macrorregiões de saúde do estado do Ceará, no período de 2008 a 2019. Os dados secundários referentes às internações e à projeção da população residente para o cálculo das taxas foram extraídos, respectivamente, do sistema de informação hospitalar e do banco de dados demográficos, ambos contidos no Tabnet do Departamento de Informática do SUS. No período de 2008 a 2019 ocorreram 686.906 internações nas cinco macrorregiões de saúde do estado do Ceará, destas (298.002) foram por condições sensíveis. A maior taxa de ICSAP (452,99) ocorreu na macrorregião do Cariri. Houve predominância de idosos homens (4,731) na faixa etária de 70-74 anos (5.893) e por condições crônicas (2.195,3). Observou-se redução das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária no período estudado, exceto na região do sertão central. A diminuição das internações de idosos no estado do Ceará pode estar relacionada a uma atenção primária mais resolutiva na atenção ao idoso.

Studies that evaluate Hospitalizations due to Primary Care-sensitive Conditions (HPCSC) are relevant in the field of health, as they refer to indicators of hospital care that represent an indirect measurement of the effect of Primary Health Care (PHC), based on the premise that good quality PHC prevents/reduces hospitalizations among the elderly population. This article aimed to describe the behavior of HPCSC in elderly people aged 60 to 74 years old in the state of Ceará. This is a descriptive ecological study that analyzed the temporal evolution of annual rates of HPCSC in the elderly in the five health macro-regions of the state of Ceará, from 2008 to 2019. Secondary data regarding hospitalizations and the projection of the resident population for the calculation of rates were extracted, respectively, from the hospital information system and from the demographic database, both contained within the Tabnet of the Department of Informatics of the UHS. In the period from 2008 to 2019, there were 686,906 hospitalizations in the five health macro-regions of the state of Ceará, of which (298,002) were due to sensitive conditions. The highest rate of HPCSC (452.99) occurred in the Cariri macro-region. There was a predominance of elderly men (4,731) aged 70-74 years (5,893) and due to chronic conditions (2,195.3). There was a reduction in hospitalizations due to primary care-sensitive conditions in the period studied, except in the central Sertão region. The decrease in hospitalizations of the elderly in the state of Ceará may be related to a more resolute primary care in the care of the elderly.